LEGAL, ANTISEMITISM, HISTORY, HOLOCAUST, AND GENOCIDE SCHOLARS, FORMER PROSECUTORS, AND OTHER AUTHORITIES INCLUDING DESCENDANTS OF SURVIVORS CALL ON INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF GENOCIDE SCHOLARS (IAGS) TO RETRACT RESOLUTION ACCUSING ISRAEL OF GENOCIDE AMID CLEAR MISAPPLICATION OF LAW AND HISTORY
On behalf of the undersigned individuals and organizations who exist to educate about antisemitism, international law, the Holocaust and genocide, and who cumulatively and actively work to enhance the prevention of genocide, we find that the International Association of Genocide Scholars (“IAGS”) resolution fails to accurately apply the law and facts of the war in Gaza.
Moreover, we are alarmed by the process that was taken to pass the resolution with reported promises of town-halls and dissenting opinions to be published, and those promises being broken. The resolution was passed with a total of 129 voting members, and about 107 voting in favor, out of over 500 members. The quieting of dissent is an alarming tactic used on such a controversial matter.
Genocide is the gravest offense known to humankind; to dilute its legal standards for ideological ends is a form of moral violence. It dishonors the memory of past victims, misleads the public about present atrocities, and obstructs efforts to avert future ones.
On October 7, 2023, Hamas invaded Israel and acted with the intent to destroy, in whole or in part, Jews and Israelis, as a national, ethnical, racial, or religious group, as such. Further, Hamas and their allied organizations took innocent people hostage and continue to hold hostages.
Thus, Hamas committed the crime of genocide and remains the only party to legally meet the requirements of the elements of the crime of genocide.
It is undoubtedly true that the war in Gaza has harmed a large number of people who would not have been harmed or killed but for this war. It is understood from available information that the death toll includes those who have been killed by both Israel and Hamas. It is further understood that Hamas has utilized the practice of human shielding as a systematic strategy to attempt to immunize itself from harm and to increase the harm of Palestinian civilians. This is a war crime committed by Hamas against the Palestinian people in Gaza.
The IAGS resolution imparts that all of the deaths that have occurred in Gaza are a result of Israel’s conduct, and acts as a means to excuse Hamas from having agency for its own actions.
Further, the IAGS resolution stipulates without any justification that Israel has committed “indiscriminate and deliberate attacks against the civilians and civilian infrastructure (hospitals, homes, commercial buildings, etc.).” However, to make such a conclusion requires the negation of Hamas’ well-documented use of civilian and humanitarian infrastructure for the purpose of waging war. It is well-established that Hamas has weaponized hospitals, mosques, schools, civilian homes, even humanitarian zones. Under various provisions of international law, including but not limited to the Fourth Geneva Convention’s articles 19 & 28, and the Additional Protocol I to the Geneva Convention’s article 51(7), this conduct would cause such places to lose the protections that they would normally benefit from.
Hamas members have openly admitted to this strategy. It has been repeatedly shown that Hamas has warned civilians to not leave Gaza City. Ignoring Hamas’ conduct only causes more harm to Palestinian civilians who are meant to be protected.
The IAGS resolution further states: “Recognising that Israel has killed or injured more than 50,000 children and that this destruction of a substantial part of a group constitutes genocide.” What it misses is that Hamas allegedly utilizes children as combatants, and that children make up about 50% of Gaza’s population, a significantly higher proportion than nearly any other place in the world. This would cause problems in the analysis of “significant portion” when the total number of deaths and injuries in Gaza, as of the writing of this statement, constitute 224,217 total casualties (total deaths reported 63,557 and total injuries reported 160,660 per Palestinian media sources). Resulting in 22% of total casualties being children, well under the proportion of children in the population in Gaza. What’s important to further note about the casualty numbers is that it includes a significant portion of combatant casualties without differentiation between civilians and combatants.
The IAGS resolution further cites the issuance of arrest warrants by the International Criminal Court (“ICC”) for Prime Minister Netanyahu and former Defense Minister, Yoav Gallant, while ignoring that the ICC’s Pre-Trial Chamber I (“PTC I”) expressly rejected the warrants for Netanyahu and Gallant for the crime against humanity of extermination, a lower threshold crime, saying: “On the basis of material presented by the Prosecution covering the period until 20 May 2024, the Chamber could not determine that all elements of the crime against humanity of extermination were met.”
The authors of the IAGS resolution further state that the International Court of Justice (“ICJ”) determined in the first provisional measures in the South Africa v. Israel case that Israel’s actions were “plausibly genocide.” However, this grossly misrepresents what the ICJ determined and is a misstatement of the plausibility determination. The ICJ correctly found that Palestinians, as a distinct national group, have plausible rights under the Genocide Convention that can plausibly be infringed, not that genocide had been committed. The author of that decision, ex-ICJ president, Joan Donoghue, clarified the matter on the BBC.
Even further, the IAGS resolution cites various organizations that have accused Israel of genocide by, as put by B’Tselem, “adopt[ing] a broader analytical framework.” This “broadening” of the analytical framework exists to stretch the required intent from dolus specialis to a more inclusive intent such as dolus eventualis, where a party knew that their conduct could cause some harm but not necessarily act with the intent to cause that harm.
All of these accusations willfully ignore the established jurisprudence around the Genocide Convention and the commission of the crime of genocide. In Bosnia v. Serbia (2007) para. 373, the ICJ stated: “The dolus specialis, the specific intent to destroy the group in whole or in part, has to be convincingly shown by reference to particular circumstances, unless a general plan to that end can be convincingly demonstrated to exist; and for a pattern of conduct to be accepted as evidence of its existence, it would have to be such that it could only (emphasis added) point to the existence of such intent.”
In Gaza, there are numerous other plausible explanations for the intent of military operations in Gaza. From Hamas’ weaponization of civilian and humanitarian infrastructure, their documented booby-trapping of buildings, the tunnels that are longer than the London Underground, to the continued holding of hostages.
Another critical failure of the IAGS resolution is that it not only fails to establish the elements of genocide, it does not set the legal standard for which genocide must be proven. Genocide at the ICJ must be proven fully conclusively, meaning there can be no other possible explanation. Because other reasonable explanations exist to Israeli conduct in relation to understanding Hamas’ conduct and its legal obligations, it cannot be that the legal standard has been met. Since the legal standard cannot be met, it cannot thus be considered to be genocide under any application of the law until such time that standard is met.
Another fatal error of the IAGS resolution is that it fails to consider the steps that Israel itself has taken to prevent civilian harm. It assumes without justification that Israel’s conduct must be genocidal while ignoring the conduct of Hamas. Numerous non-Israelis have entered Gaza and observed first-hand IDF targeting protocols to determine adherence to the legal standards and have yet to conclude that Israel is engaging in wilful violations of international law. Further, information has been collected that has demonstrated that early in the war Israel tightened its proportionality assessments to reduce civilian harm.
It is critical that we not water down the legal elements of genocide for the purpose of advancing ideological positions and bias. Holocaust and genocide scholars can have legitimate concerns about Israeli conduct in Gaza without working to disparage the very legal standards that exist to protect people from these crimes. The IAGS resolution neglects to impart any culpability for the consequences of Hamas’ own actions, attempting to force such responsibility onto Israel. Without demanding agency for Hamas’ actions, it is difficult to ascertain genocidal conduct.
The genocide allegation has been soundly and persuasively rejected by leading scholars, retired western military authorities, war crimes prosecutors, and other observers.
Finally, the IAGS never mentions that this war could end if Hamas were to release all of the hostages they continue to illegally hold in Gaza and lay down their weapons.
For these reasons, we demand that the IAGS immediately rescind its resolution. To persist in such distortion is to forsake the most elementary standards of law and scholarship. It reduces the Association to farce, erodes the integrity of genocide studies, and undermines the very meaning of the crime itself.
As the United Nations General Assembly affirmed in Resolution 96 of 11 December 1946, genocide “shocks the conscience of mankind, results in great losses to humanity in the form of cultural and other contributions…and is contrary to moral law and to the spirit and aims of the United Nations.”
An institution dedicated to Holocaust remembrance and the prevention of atrocity cannot indulge political bias or bad faith misrepresentation of the law, legal negligence without betraying history, dishonoring the victims, and endangering the very future it professes to safeguard.
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Initial Signatories:
(Referenced titles and institutional affiliations are included for identification purposes only. The signatories are reflecting their personal views, and are not speaking on behalf of any university, department, program, business, or government entity.)
1. Elliot Malin, Esq., Practitioner, Policy Expert, Chairperson, Nevada Governor’s Advisory Council on Education Relating to the Holocaust
2. Eli M. Rosenbaum, Esq., Former U.S. Department of Justice (USDOJ) prosecutor of perpetrators of war crimes, genocide, crimes against humanity, and torture, including, among others, World War II Nazi criminals, Rwandan genocidaires, Guatemalan special forces mass-murderers, and Russian perpetrators of war crimes in Ukraine subsequent to Russia's 2022 full-scale invasion, as USDOJ's Counselor for War Crimes Accountability and founding Lead, USDOJ War Crimes Accountability Team (2022 - 2024), Director, Human Rights Enforcement Strategy and Policy, Human Rights and Special Prosecutions Section (HRSP), USDOJ Criminal Division (2010 - 2024), Director, Office of Special Investigations (OSI), USDOJ Criminal Division (1994 - 2010), Trial Attorney and then Principal Deputy Director, OSI (1980 - 1984 and 1988 - 1994)
3. Jeffrey Mausner, Esq., Former Nazi War Crimes Prosecutor (Retired), United States Department of Justice, Office of Special Investigations, Co-Author of The Big Lie of Genocide and Gaza
4. Dr. Harel Chorev, Historian of the Palestinians and Hamas expert, Tel Aviv University & Yeshiva University
5. Grant Arthur Gochin, Author and Holocaust Educator
6. Esther Gilbert, Editor, MartinGilbert.Com, Creator, Holocaust Memoir Digest, Holocaust Historian and Educator
7. Alan Berkowitz, MA-Holocaust and Genocide Studies, MA-Curriculum and Instruction
8. Dr. Brian L. Cox, Professor of Law, Cornell University
9. Sheryl Ochayon, Esq.
10. Hilary Levin, MA - Holocaust and Genocide Studies
11. Lorie C. Zackin, Ph.D. – Holocaust and Genocide Studies, Gratz College
12. Avraham Russell Sharlev, Adv., BA, LLB, MA, Senior Fellow at Kohelet Policy Forum
13. Lesley Klaff, LLB, MA, PhD, Editor-in-Chief, Journal of Contemporary Antisemitism
14. Dr. Isaac Amon, J.D., LL.M., J.S.D., Former Legal Fellow in The Hague, Association of Defence Counsel Practising Before the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (ADC-ICTY), Former ISIS War Crimes Legal Analyst, NGO, Fellow, London Centre for the Study of Contemporary Antisemitism (LCSCA), President and Scholar-In-Chief, Sinai Legal Association for Memory and Modernity (SLAMM)
15. Luis Fleischman, Ph.D., Professor of Sociology, Palm Beach State College, Co-President of the Palm Beach Center for Democracy and Policy Research
16. Holocaust Museum of South Florida
17. Joël Kotek, Ph.D., Professor of Holocaust and Genocide Studies, ULB
18. Mia Bloom, Ph.D., Professor of Communication and Middle East Studies
19. Rona Kaufman, J.D., LL.M., Associate Professor of Law, Duquesne Kline Law School
20. Meng Yang, Ph.D., Assistant Professor at Peking University
21. Daniel Allington, Ph.D., Reader in Social Analytics — King’s College London, Deputy Editor — Journal of Contemporary Antisemitism, Senior Associate Fellow — Counter Extremism Group, Fellow — London Centre for the Study of Contemporary Antisemitism
22. Arielle Nakdimon, PhD Candidate - Gratz College, Postgraduate Fellow with the London Centre for the Study of Contemporary Antisemitism
23. Gregory Brown, Ph.D., Professor of History – University of Nevada, Las Vegas
24. Esther Elishaev, MD, University of Pittsburgh
25. Liz Berger, MSW, PhD Student- Antisemitism Studies, Gratz College, Postgraduate Fellow, London Centre for the Study of Contemporary Antisemitism
26. Tami Peterson, Ph.D. Candidate, Holocaust and Genocide Studies, Gratz College, Fellow, London Centre for the Study of Contemporary Antisemitism
27. Katie Cunningham, PhD Candidate - Holocaust and Genocide Studies, Gratz College
28. Rabbi Bruce Kadden, Senior Lecturer, Religion and Holocaust and Genocide Studies, Pacific Lutheran University
29. Stephen Sussman, Professor of Public Administration, Barry University, and Co-President of the Palm Beach Center for Democracy and Policy Research
30. Karen Shawn, Ph.D., Founding Editor, PRISM: An Interdisciplinary Journal for Holocaust Educators
31. Ye-One Rinnah Chung, PhD Student, Modern Hebrew Literature at MLL Department, Johns Hopkins University
32. Arie Beresteanu, Ph.D., Associate Professor, Department of Economics, University of Pittsburgh
33. Marlene W. Yahalom, Ph.D.
34. Bernice Lerner, Ed.D., Author, Lecturer, and former instructor on the Holocaust and Ethics at Boston University
35. Stephanie Share, Ph.D., Historian of Holocaust denial, Fellow, London Centre for the Study of Contemporary Antisemitism and Comper Interdisciplinary Center for the Study of Antisemitism and Racism.
36. Verena Buser, Ph.D., Research Associate at the Holocaust Studies Program at Western Galilee College (Akko/Israel) and of the Antisemitism Commissioner in the State of Brandenburg (Potsdam/Germany)
37. David Hirsh, Professor of Sociology, Goldsmiths, University of London and Director of the London Centre for the Study of Contemporary Antisemitism
38. Danny Orbach, Military and Legal Historian, Associate Professor, Hebrew University of Jerusalem
39. Nikolaus Hagen, Assistant Professor of History, University of Innsbruck and Fellow of the London Centre for the Study of Contemporary History
40. Izabella Tabarovsky, Fellow, London Center for the Study of Contemporary Antisemitism and Comper Center for the Study of Antisemitism and Racism, University of Haifa
41. Norman J.W. Goda, Ph.D., Braman Professor of Holocaust Studies, University of Florida
42. Havi Dreifuss, Ph.D., Tel Aviv University
43. Sayan Lodh, Doctoral candidate, Department of History, Presidency University, Kolkata, India
44. Sarah Scialom, Attorney at the Paris Bar
45. Gunther Jikeli, Institute for the Study of Contemporary Antisemitism, Indiana University
46. Jeffrey Herf, Ph.D., Distinguished University Professor, Emeritus, Dept. of History, University of Maryland, College Park
47. Cary Nelson, Ph.D., University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign
48. Benny Morris, Ph.D., Emeritus Professor of History, Ben-Gurion University
49. Aviva L. Miller, Esq., Former United States Director for the Auschwitz Jewish Center Foundation
50. Phillip Spencer, Ph.D., Emeritus Professor in Holocaust and Genocide Studies, Kingston University, London
Additional Signatories:
51. John Strawson, Emeritus Professor in International Law and Middle East Studies, Director of Centre on Human Rights in Conflict, University of East London
52. Leonid (Leon) Gershovich, Ph.D., Research Fellow, London Centre for the Study for Contemporary Antisemitism (LCSCA)
53. Eve Gerrard, Honorary Research Fellow, Department of Philosophy, University of Manchester, Fellow, London Centre for the Study of Contemporary Antisemitism (LCSCA)
54. Yifa Sigal, Adv.
55. Maor Shani, Ph.D., Department of Developmental Psychology, Osnabruck University, Germany, Research Fellow, London Centre for the Study for Contemporary Antisemitism (LCSCA), Director of Research and Evaluation, The Institute for Experiential Jewish Education
56. Cornelia Flohr, Diplom-Soz.A, "Jüdisches Leben in Deutschland stärken
57. Christoph Dieckmann, Ph.D., Frankfurt am Main
58. Dan Leshem, Ph.D., Denver, Colorado
59. Ann Arnold, Founder, Mark Schonwetter Holocaust Education Foundation
60. Isabella Fiske, Founder, Mark Schonwetter Holocaust Education Foundation
61. Jamie L. Wraight, Ph.D., Director, The Voice/Vision Holocaust Survivor Oral History Archive, The University of Michigan-Dearborn
62. James Wald, Associate Professor of History, Hampshire College
63. Pamela L Herbst, M.A., Ph.D. Candidate, Holocaust and Genocide Studies - Gratz College
64. Stanley Stone, Executive Director - American Society for Holocaust Education & Remembrance
65. Jonathan Skolnik, Associate Professor of German; Adjunct Associate Professor of History, University of Massachusetts Amherst
66. Joseph W Bendersky, Professor of German History, Virginia Commonwealth University
67. Tobias Ebbrecht-Hartmann, Ph.D., Associate Professor, Visual Culture, Media and German Studies, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem
68. Jan Grabowski, Ph.D., Distinguished University Professor, University Of Ottawa
69. Dawid Bunikowski, Ph.D, Dosentti, Professor at the State University of Applied Sciences in Wloclawek, Poland
70. Chad Alan Goldberg, Martindale-Bascom Professor of Sociology, University of Wisconsin–Madison USA
71. Meir Litvak, Professor of Middle Eastern History, Tel Aviv University, Israel
72. Philip Slavin, Professor of History, University of Stirling
73. Sonya Michel, Ph.D., Professor Emerita of History and Women’s and Gender Studies, University of Maryland, College Park
74. Constantin Winkler, Social Scientist, Researcher, Peace Research Institute Frankfurt (PRIF), Doctoral Candidate, University of Passau, Postgraduate Fellow, London Centre for the Study of Contemporary Antisemitism (LCSCA)
75. Amy Frake, Holocaust Educator
76. Wendy Warren, Holocaust Educator
77. Laurie Garcia, Holocaust Educator
78. Carolyn Enger, Daughter of a Holocaust Survivor
79. Dan J. Puckett, Ph.D., Chair, Alabama Holocaust Commission, Professor of History, Troy University
80. Ari Stern, Esq., J.D., MA, Elem. Education
81. Dr. Sherry Muscat, Retired Psychologist, Youth Forensic Psychiatry
82. Iddo Landau, Ph.D., Professor of Philosophy, University of Haifa
83. David A. Meola, Ph.D., Fanny & Bert Meisler Associate Professor of History & Jewish Studies, University of South Alabama
84. Linda Geller-Schwartz, Ph.D., Palm Beach Center to Combat Antisemitism and Hatred
85. Max Abrams, Ph.D., Northeastern University
86. Sebastian Reinfeldt, Ph.D., Vienna
87. Marc Bacon, P. Eng., Ottawa, Canada
88. Sam Jardine, Partner, Fieldfisher LLP
89. Colin Wight, Ph.D., Professor (Emeritus), International Relations, The University of Sydney
90. Adam Louis-Klein, Doctoral candidate, McGill University, Post-Graduate Fellow, The London Centre for the Study of Contemporary Antisemitism (LCSCA)
91. Dr. Zack Dulberg, MD - University of Toronto, PhD in Neuroscience - Princeton University
92. Arnie Bernstein, Author of Swastika Nation: Fritz Kuhn and The Rise and Fall of the German-American Bund, Chicago, IL
93. Neil Kochen, Boynton Beach, FL
94. Dr. April Nowell, Professor, Department of Anthropology, University of Victoria, Canada
95. Sheree Trotter, Ph.D History, Founder Holocaust and Antisemitism Foundation, Aotearoa NZ, Fellow, The London Centre for the Study of Contemporary Antisemitism (LCSCA)
96. Gregory Barton, BA LLB(Hons) ANU, Barrister, NSW
97. Barbara D.Minsky, Ph.D., Alabama Holocaust Commission, Professor Emerita, Sorrell College of Business, Troy University
98. Matthew Biberman, Ph.D., Author of Masculinity, Anti-Semitism and Early Modern English Literature, Professor of English, University of Louisville (USA)
99. Brent Goldfarb, Dean’s Professor of Entrepreneurship, Robert H Smith School of Business, University of Maryland
100. Rellie Derfler-Rozin, Ph.D., Professor, Management and Organization, Robert H. Smith School of Business, University of Maryland
101. Pamela J Walker, Ph.D., Professor of History, Carleton University Canada
102. Dr. Martin Jander, Stanford University (Berlin)
103. Dr Shay Pilnik, Director, The Emil A. and Jenny Fish Center for Holocaust and Genocide Studies, Yeshiva University
104. Dr. Alexandra Pulvermacher, University of Klagenfurt, Austria
105. Dr. Rivka Rosenberg, Bar Ilan University, Professor Matthew H. Kramer FBA, Professor of Legal & Political Philosophy, University of Cambridge (UK)
106. Berele Dov Borowsky, Journalist, Correspondent for Mexican media
107. Constanze Jaiser, Ph.D., M.A. Literature, Theology/ Religious Studies and Psychology, Holocaust researcher and educator, Waren, Germany,
108. Artur Sumarokov, Playwright and cinema critic, Filologist, Bachelor, English Literature, Ukraine, Kherson
109. Alvin H. Rosenfeld, P.hD., Professor of English and Jewish Studies, Director, Institute for the Study of Contemporary Antisemitism, Indiana University
110. Eliana Lipsky, EdD, Leadership Coach and Consultant, Jewish Educator, Silver Spring, MD
111. Deidre Butler, PhD, Associate Professor, Religion / Jewish Studies, Carleton University, Canada
112. George Bacall MD, Associate Professor, OB/Gyn, Quinnipiac University, CT
113. Hedy S. Wald, PhD, Clinical Professor of Family Medicine, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
114. Kitty Hoffman, PhD, Writer and Jewish Educator
115. Voices of Hope
116. Jeff Israel, Voices of Hope, Board of Directors
117. Lisa Fishman, Voices of Hope, Board of Directors
118. Jaime Seltzer, Voices of Hope, Director of Development
119. Shay Alfasi, Graphic Designer & Independent Game Developer, Beersheba, Israel
120. Michael Bloomfield, Ecologist and human rights advocate, Raoul Wallenberg Centre for Human Rights, Canada
121. Roni Stauber, Ph.D., Tel Aviv University
122. Paul Finlayson, MBA, MA, Former Professor - University of Guelph
123. Jeffrey L. Pollock, Esq., Immediate Past President of ZOA:Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
124. Rabbi Samuel Stern, MAJCS, MAHL, Co-Chair of State of Kansas Holocaust Commission, Rabbi of Temple Beth Sholom, Topeka, KS
125. Bruce L. Golden, Ph.D., France-Merrick Chair in Management Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD
126. Heidi Straus, M.A. Holocaust & Genocide Studies, Nevada Center for Humanity, Nevada Holocaust Museum
127. Rositta E. Kenigsberg, Daughter of a Holocaust Survivor
128. Doug Sanderson, Son of Holocaust Survivor and Student of the Holocaust
129. Scott B. Littky, Holocaust Educator
130. Rich Quinlan, PhD, Director, Saint Elizabeth University Center for Holocaust and Genocide Education
131. Anna Schiffer, Daughter of Holocaust Survivors
132. Miriam F. Elman, Ph.D, Associate Professor of Political Science (with tenure, 2008-2022), Syracuse University
133. Clarice Feldman, Esq., Formerly United States Department of Justice, Office of Special Investigations
134. David Greenberg, Distinguished Professor of History (affiliation with Jewish Studies), Rutgers University
135. Marjorie Feinstein, Advisory Board Chair, Saint Elizabeth University Holocaust and Genocide Center, Scholar in Residence
136. Suzanne Grimmer, Senior Director, Holocaust Center of Florida | Holocaust Museum for Hope & Humanity
137. Ilyse Shainbrown, M.A. Holocaust and Genocide Studies
138. Roberta Rosenthal Kwall, DePaul University College of Law,
139. Peter J. Nadler, BA, BCL, LLB, Holocaust educator and producer, Antisemitism educator
140. Rafael Medoff, Ph.D., Historian and Author
141. Joseph Leckenby, B.A., J.D., Political Activist and Phenomenologist
142. Andrew Tucker, B.A., LLB, Executive Director - THINC, The Hague, Netherlands
143. Cary Kogan, Ph.D., Full Professor in Clinical Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada, President, Network of Engaged Canadian Academics
144. Stephen Poynor, Senior Director, Holocaust Center of Florida | Holocaust Museum for Hope & Humanity
145. Shawna Dolansky, PhD, Associate Professor, the College of the Humanities, Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada
146. Alan Dershowitz, Esq., Felix Frankfurter Professor of Law, Emeritus, Harvard Law School
147. Eric Cohen, Co-Founder, Investors Against Genocide, President, Massachusetts Coalition to Save Darfur
148. Neil J. Kressel, Ph.D, Author, Mass Hate: The Global Rise of Genocide and Terror (Plenum Press; Westview Press), Author, The Psychology of Religion: A Social Force (Cambridge University Press), Ph.D. Harvard University; Professor of Psychology
149. Kent D. Harber, PhD., Professor of Psychology, Rutgers University at Newark
150. Barbara Wind, Scholar: Holocaust and Antisemism, Educator, Poet and Journalist
151. Michael Bazyler, Author: Holocaust, Genocide and the Law: A Quest for Justice in a Post-Holocaust World (Oxford U. Press 2016)
152. John C. Zimmerman, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Author: Holocaust Denial: Demographics, Testimonies and Ideologies (University Press of America, 2000)
153. Mitchell Cohen, Ph.D, Emeritus Professor of Political Science, Bernard Baruch College, City University of New York
154. Seth Ward, Ph.D, Senior Academic Professor, University of Wyoming, Philosophy and Religious Studies (Retired), Institute for Islamic, Judaic, Middle East and Sephardic Studies, Co-President, Western Jewish Studies Association
155. David Patterson, Hillel Feinberg Distinguished Chair in Holocaust Studies, Ackerman Center for Holocaust Studies, University of Texas at Dallas
156. Phillip Sunshine, Esq., Senior Trial Attorney (ret.), U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Special Investigations
157. Jonathan Karp, Professor of Jewish History, Department of Judaic Studies and History, Binghamton University, State University of New York
158. Willis J. Goldsmith, Retired New York City and Washington, D.C. attorney covering antisemitism at Brown University emanating from its Middle East Studies program
159. Hon. Bruce J. Einhorn, United States Federal Judge (ret.), Former Chief of Litigation, United States Department of Justice, Office of Special Investigations, Professor of the Laws of War
160. Joel Taubman, Esq., Civil Rights Attorney, Board Member, American Association of Jewish Lawyers and Jurists, Member, Virginia Attorney General Antisemitism Task Force
161. Stanley Dubinsky, Professor of Linguistics, Founding Director of Jewish Studies, University of South Carolina
162. Daniel B. Schwartz, Professor of History and Judaic Studies, George Washington University
163. Hilly Moodrick-Even Khen, Ph.D, Professor of International Law, Senior Lecturer, Faculty of Social Sciences, Ariel University, Chair, Ariel University Center for the Research and Study of Genocide, Fulbright Scholar in Residence, Liberty University, Member, International Association of Genocide Scholars, Member, Israeli delegation, International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance
164. Gerald M. Steinberg, Prof. Gerald M. Steinberg, Political Studies, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel, President, Institute for NGO Research
165. Sheila Stein, Docent and Holocaust educator, Illinois Holocaust Museum
166. Prof. Monty Noam Penkower, Professor Emeritus of Modern Jewish History, Machon Lander Graduate School of Jewish Studies, Jerusalem
167. Dr. Elvira Groezinger, Literary scholar, Secretary, Scholars for Peace in the Middle East
168. Bali Lerner, Executive Director, The Holocaust Memorial & Tolerance Center of Nassau County
169. Perry Bergman PhD ChE, Purdue University alumnus
170. Menachem Z. Rosensaft, Adjunct Professor of Law, Cornell Law School
171. Rachel Weiss-Hersh, PhD.
172. Dina Gold, Author, Stolen Legacy: Nazi Theft and the Quest for Justice, Journalist, Holocaust Educator, Board Member of American Association of Jewish Lawyers and Jurists
173. Jenna Price, Holocaust Educator
174. Joshua M. Karlip, Herbert S. and Naomi Denenberg Professor of Jewish History, Yeshiva University
175. Uzi Vishkin, D.Sc., Professor, University of Maryland
176. John Spencer, Chair of War Studies, Madison Policy Forum
177. Balázs Berkovits, Ph.D., sociologist, philosopher, Comper Center for the Study of Antisemitism and Racism, University of Haifa
178. Donald K. Berry, PhD, Holocaust Educator